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Methods: Twelve-month-old male rats were treated for 6 months with either E2 or PHE, or submitted to CR (40%).

Results: Our results show that estrogens and CR are able to protect the male gonad by preventing the decrease of testosterone and E2 levels as well as the decrease of aromatase and estrogen receptor gene expressions. Indeed, E2, PHE and CR treatments induced an increase in the superoxide dismutase activities and decreased the activity of testicular enzymes: gamma-glutamyl transferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate deshydrogenase as well as the aspartate and lactate transaminases in aged animals. In addition, the testicular catalase and gluthatione peroxidase activities were enhanced in E2, PHE and CR-treated rats compared to untreated animals at 18 months of age. Moreover, the positive effects of estradiol, PHE and CR were further supported by a lower level of lipid peroxidation. Recovery of spermatogenesis was recorded in treated rats.

Conclusion: Besides a low caloric diet which is beneficial for spermatogenesis, a protective antioxydant role of estrogens is suggested. Estrogens delay testicular cell damage, which leads to functional senescence and, therefore, estrogens are helpful in protecting the reproductive functions from the adverse effects exerted by reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in large quantities in the aged testis.

Keywords: aging, (phyto)estrogens, 17汕-estradiol, Peganum harmala, caloric restriction, rat testis, antioxidant enzymes]]>Khaled Hamden1, Dorothee Silandre2, Christelle Delalande2, Abdelfattah ElFeki1and Serge Carreau2![CDATE[Received 24 January 2008; Accepted 16 June 2008.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/786.htm
Methods: A total of 350 men from infertile couples were assessed. Standard semen analysis and sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA) were carried out.

Results: Ninety-seven men (28% of the whole study group) had a DNA fragmentation index (DFI) > 20%, and 43 men (12%) had a DFI > 30%. In the group of men with abnormal semen parameters (n = 224), 35% had a DFI > 20%, and 16% had a DFI > 30%, whereas these numbers were 15% and 5%, respectively, in the group of men with normal semen parameters (n = 126). Men with low sperm motility and abnormal morphology had significantly higher odds ratios (ORs) for having a DFI > 20% (4.0 for motility and 1.9 for morphology) and DFI > 30% (6.2 for motility and 2.8 for morphology) compared with men with normal sperm motility and morphology.

Conclusion: In almost one-third of unselected men from infertile couples, the DFI exceeded the level of 20% above which, according to previous studies, the in vivo fertility is reduced. A significant proportion of men with otherwise normal semen parameters also had high sperm DNA damage levels. Thus, the SCSA test could add to explaining causes of infertility in cases where semen analysis has not shown any deviation from the norm. We also recommend running the SCSA test to choose the appropriate assisted reproductive technique (ART).

Keywords: infertility, sperm DNA damage, sperm chromatin structure assay, semen quality]]>Juris Erenpreiss1, Saad Elzanaty2,3and Aleksander Giwercman1![CDATE[Received 18 February 2008; Accepted 16 April 2008]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/535.htm
Methods: Immunofluorescence of the core histones and protamines and fluorescence in situ hybridization of the telomere region of chromosome 16 was assessed in decondensed human sperm nuclei.

Results: Immunofluorescent localization of histones, protamine 1 (PRM1) and protamine 2 (PRM2) along with fluorescence in situ hybridization localization of chromosome 16 telomeric sequences revealed a discrete distribution in sperm nuclei. Histones localized to the posterior ring region (i.e. the sperm nuclear annulus), whereas PRM1 and PRM2 appeared to be dispersed throughout the entire nucleus.

Conclusion: The co-localization of the human core sperm histones with the telomeric regions of chromosome 16 is consistent with the reorganization of specific non-protamine regions into a less compacted state.

Keywords: human sperm nucleus, histone, protamine, telomere]]>Yan Li1,2, Claudia Lalancette1,2, David Miller3and Stephen A Krawetz1,2,4![CDATE[Received 9 January 2008; Accepted 7 March 2008]]www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/373.htm
Keywords: growth hormone, IGF-I, doping, doping test, athletes, maximum exercise test, supraphysiological, anabolic androgenic steroids, bone markers
]]>Christer Ehrnborg and Thord Ros谷n![CDATE[Received 11 December 2007; Accepted 18 December 2007.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/391.htm
Keywords: World Anti-Doping Agency, doping, hormone, sport
]]>Osquel Barroso, Irene Mazzoni and Olivier Rabin![CDATE[Received 28 November 2007; Accepted 1 December 2007.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/416.htm
Keywords: growth hormone, doping, athletes, isoforms, growth hormone-responsive markers
]]>Anne E Nelson and Ken K Ho![CDATE[Received 12 December 2007; Accepted 19 December 2007.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/467.htm
Methods: We analyzed the frequency of TMPRSS2: ERG and TMPRSS2:ETV1 transcripts in 27 prostate cancer biopsies from prostatectomies, and TMPRSS2:ERG transcripts in CTC isolated from 15 patients with advanced androgen independent disease using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was applied to analyze the genomic truncation of ERG, which is the result of TMPRSS2:ERG fusion in 10 of the 15 CTC samples.

Results: TMPRSS2: ERG transcripts were found in 44% of our samples, but we did not detect expression of TMPRSS2:ETV1. Using FISH analysis we detected chromosomal rearrangements affecting the ERG gene in 6 of 10 CTC samples, including 1 case with associated TMPRSS2:ERG fusion at the primary site. However, TMPRSS2:ERG transcripts were not detected in any of the 15 CTC samples, including the 10 cases analyzed by FISH.

Conclusion: Although further study is required to address the association between TMPRSS2:ERG fusion and prostate cancer metastasis, detection of genomic truncation of the ERG gene by FISH analysis could be useful for monitoring the appearance of CTC and the potential for prostate cancer metastasis.

Keywords: TMPRSS2:ERG, fusion gene, prostate cancer, metastasis, circulating tumor cells, fluorescence in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction
]]>Xueying Mao, Greg Shaw, Sharon Y James, Patricia Purkis, Sakunthala C Kudahetti, Theodora Tsigani, Saname Kia, Bryan D Young, R Tim D Oliver, Dan Berney, David M Prowse and Yong-Jie Lu![CDATE[Received 9 November 2007; Accepted 20 February 2008.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/171.htm
Keywords: stem cells, bone marrow stem cells, adipose tissue-derived stem cells, erectile dysfunction, male infertility
]]>Ching-Shwun Lin, Zhong-Cheng Xin, Chun-Hua Deng, Hongxiu Ning, Guiting Lin and Tom F Lue![CDATE[Received 12 December 2007; Accepted 11 January 2008.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/201.htm
Methods: Fifty-one patients referred to our Sterility Center for semen analysis were selected. Sperm parameters were assessed before and after patients treatment with beta-glucan, lactoferrin, papaya, and vitamins C and E. DNA damage was assessed by the acridine orange test and sperm structural characteristics were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy.

Results: After 90 days of treatment, an increase in the percentage of morphologically normal sperm (17.0 ㊣ 5.2 vs. 29.8 ㊣ 6.5) and total progressive motility (19.0 ㊣ 7.8 vs. 34.8 ㊣ 6.8) were detected. Structural sperm characteristics as well as chromatin integrity were also improved after treatment. In terms of leukocyte concentration in seminal fluid, a significant reduction was recorded (2.2 ㊣ 0.9 vs. 0.9 ㊣ 0.2).

Conclusion: The treatment of an inflammatory process by the synergic action of immune modulators and anti-oxidants could protect sperm during maturation and migration, leading to improved sperm function.

Keywords: asthenoteratozoospermia, leukocytospermia, anti-oxidant, beta-glucan, papaya, lactoferrin, vitamin C, vitamin E, chromatin integrity, transmission electron microscopy
]]>Paola Piomboni, Laura Gambera, Francesca Serafini, Giovanna Campanella, Giuseppe Morgante and Vincenzo De Leo![CDATE[Received 27 July 2007; Accepted 17 September 2007.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/227c.htm
Methods: Two early apoptotic changes in the semen of 56 men were assessed using Annexin V (AN)/propidium iodide (PI) staining for phosphatidylserine externalization and JC-1 staining for mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). The results were compared with conventional semen parameters and DNA fragmentation identified using the TUNEL assay.

Results: The different labeling patterns in the bivariate Annexin V/PI analysis identified four distinctive spermatozoa populations. The percentage of AN-/PI-spermatozoa positively correlated with conventional semen parameters and MMP, but negatively correlated with TUNEL (+) spermatozoa. As for the AN-/PI+fraction, we found an opposite result in comparison to AN-/PI-spermatozoa. The level of early apoptotic AN+/PI-spermatozoa negatively correlated with MMP and sperm motility. The level of late apoptotic AN+/PI+spermatozoa negatively correlated with conventional semen parameters and MMP, and positively correlated with TUNEL (+) spermatozoa. MMP positively correlated with conventional semen parameters, but negatively correlated with TUNEL (+) spermatozoa.

Conclusion: Although early apoptotic AN+/PI-spermatozoa only negatively correlates with sperm motility, the differences in proportion of each subpopulation of spermatozoa (especially, the percentage of AN-/PI-spermatozoa), and decreased MMP might be significant markers for diagnosing male infertility. They possibly bring additional information to predict the outcome of in vitro fertilization.

Keywords: Annexin V, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, infertility, mitochondria, sperm
]]>Hao-Bo Zhang, Shao-Ming Lu, Chun-Yan Ma, Li Wang, Xiao Li and Zi-Jiang Chen![CDATE[Received 14 November 2006; Accepted 20 April 2007.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/291.htm
Methods: Ethanol extracts of Gin or Ros (1 g/kg﹞day) were given orally to male albino rats for 26 days. This period began 21 days before a single CIS intraperitoneal injection (10 mg/kg body weight).

Results: Gin or Ros given orally significantly restored reproductive function. Both tested extracts notably reduced the CIS-induced reproductive toxicity, as evidenced by restoring the testis normal morphology. In Gin and Ros, the attenuation of CIS-induced damage was associated with less apoptotic cell death both in the testicular tissue and in the sperms. CIS-induced alterations of testicular lipid peroxidation were markedly improved by these plant extracts.

Conclusion: The present results provide further insights into the mechanisms of protection against CIS-induced reproductive toxicity and confirm the essential anti-oxidant potential of both examined extracts.

Keywords: cisplatin, cell death, toxicity, flow cytometry, ginger, roselle
]]>Amr Amin, Alaaeldin A Hamza, Amr Kambal and Sayel Daoud![CDATE[Received 5 July 2007; Accepted 24 November 2007.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/298.htm
Methods: The test substance was given p.o. to five monkeys at 50 mg/kg body weight/day for 360 days. Control animals (n = 3) received olive oil as vehicle. Sperm parameters as per World Health Organization standards, sperm functional tests, morphology of testis and epididymis, haematology, clinical biochemistry, serum testosterone and libido were evaluated. Following completion of 360 days treatment the animals were withdrawn from the treatment and the recovery pattern was assessed by semen analysis and sperm functional tests.

Results: Total inhibition of sperm motility was observed following 60 days of treatment that continued until 360 days study period. Sperm count, percent viability and percent normal spermatozoa showed a drastic decline following 30 days of treatment. Sperm morphology showed predominant mid piece abnormalities. Sperm functional tests scored in sterile range. Histology and ultrastructure of testis revealed vacuolization in the Sertoli cells and germ cells. Loss of cytoplasmic organelles was evident in spermatocytes and round spermatids. Histology and ultrastructure of epididymis of treated animals were comparable to those of control animals. Hematological and serum clinical parameters and testosterone levels fluctuated within the control range throughout the study period. Recovery was evident following 60-120 days of treatment withdrawal.

Conclusion: The results suggest that the benzene chromatographic fraction of the chloroform extract of the seeds of Carica papaya shows contraceptive efficacy without adverse toxicity, mediated through inhibition of sperm motility.

Keywords: male contraception, Carica papaya seeds, sperm motility inhibition, testis, epididymis, langur monkeys
]]>Nirmal K Lohiya, Boomi Manivannan, Shipra Goyal and Abdul S Ansari![CDATE[Received 29 January 2007; Accepted 23 July 2007.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/319.htm
Methods: Total testicular volume (right plus left testicular volume) was measured in 794 testes in 397 men with infertility (mean age, 35.6 years) using a Prader orchidometer and also by ultrasonography. Ultrasonographic testicular volumes were calculated as length ℅ width ℅ height ℅ 0.71. To evaluate volume-function relationships, patients were divided into 10 groups representing 5-mL increments of total testicular volume by each method from below 10 mL to 50 mL or more.

Results: Mean total testicular volume based on Prader orchidometry and US were 36.8 mL and 26.3 mL, respectively. Semen volume, sperm density, total sperm count, total motile sperm count, and serum FSH, LH, and testosterone all correlated significantly with total testicular volume measured by either method. Mean sperm density was in the oligozoospermic range in patients with total testicular volume below 35 mL by orchidometry or below 20 mL by ultrasonography. Mean total sperm count was subnormal in patients with total testicular volume below 30 mL by orchidometry or under 20 mL by ultrasonography.

Conclusion: Testicular volume measured by either ultrasonography or Prader orchidometry correlated significantly with testicular function. However, critical total testicular volume indicating normal or nearly normal testicular function was 30 mL to 35 mL using Prader orchidometer and 20 mL using ultrasonography. Prader orchidometry morphometrically and functionally overestimated the testicular volume in comparison to US.

Keywords: orchidometer, ultrasonography, testicular volume, testicular function
]]>Hideo Sakamoto, Yoshio Ogawa and Hideki Yoshida![CDATE[Received 19 March 2007; Accepted 11 September 2007.]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/61.htm
Keywords: erectile dysfunction, penile rehabilitation, radical prostatectomy
]]>Andrew R McCullough![CDATE[]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/88.htm
Keywords: priapism, stuttering priapism, molecular mechanism, treatment
]]>Jiuhong Yuan, Rowena DeSouza, O Lenaine Westney and Run Wang![CDATE[]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/110.htm
Keywords: sexually transmitted diseases, safe sex, condom, young people
]]>Carlos T Da Ros and Caio da Silva Schmitt![CDATE[]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/115.htm
Keywords: sperm fertilizing capacity, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors, spermatozoa, testis, male infertility
]]>F Dimitriadis, D Giannakis, N Pardalidis, K Zikopoulos, E Paraskevaidis, N Giotitsas, V Kalaboki, P Tsounapi, D Baltogiannis, I Georgiou, M Saito, T Watanabe, I Miyagawa and N Sofikitis![CDATE[]]http://www.asiaandro.com/archive/1008-682X/10/134.htm
Keywords: endocrine disruptors, environmental estogens, hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis, oxidative stress, male infertility
]]>Suresh C Sikka and Run Wang![CDATE[]]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3735220/?report=classic
Keywords: diagnosis, metastasis, prostate cancer, prostate carcinoma tumour antigen]]>Ling Zhang1, Shan Wu2, Li-Rong Guo1and Xue-Jian Zhao1![CDATE[Received 28 September 2008; Accepted 3 October 2008; Published online 1 December 2008]]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3735213/?report=classic
Keywords: angiogenesis, metastasis, paracrine growth factors, prostate, prostatic neoplasm, stroma]]>Yi-Nong Niu1and Shu-Jie Xia2![CDATE[Received 29 October 2008; Accepted 30 October 2008; Published online 22 December 2008]]https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3739104/?report=classicLouis J. Gooren![CDATE[Received 13 January 2010; Revised 24 January 2010; Accepted 27 January 2010; Published online 15 February 2010. ]]