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Relationship between bicarbonate and cyclic nucleotide in the promoting effects on head-to-head agglutination in boar spermatozoa Hiroshi Harayama1, Seishiro Kato2 1Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, 2Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan Asian J Androl 2002 Jun; 4: 83-86 Keywords:
|
Compositions |
Concentrations |
NaCl |
94.60
mM |
KCl |
4.78
mM |
MgSO4 |
1.19
mM |
KH2PO4 |
1.19
mM |
HEPES |
25.07
mM |
Glucose |
5.56
mM |
Sodium
pyruvate
|
0.50
mM |
Sodium
lactate |
21.58
mM |
Bovine
serum albumin |
4
mg/mL |
Streptomycin
sulphate |
50
mg/mL |
Potassium
penicillin G |
100
IU/mL |
Phenol
red |
2
mg/mL |
Water-soluble reagents, including sodium bicarbonate (Nacalai Tesque, Kyoto, Japan), 3-isobutyl-1-methyl-xanthine (IBMX, Sigma), dbcAMP (Sigma), Rp-adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate triethylamine salt (Rp-cAMPS, Sigma), dibutyryl cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate sodium salt (dbcGMP, Sigma), 8-bromogua-nosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt (8-Br-cGMP, Sigma), 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate sodium salt (8-pCPT-cGMP, Sigma), and N-(6-aminoheyxl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene-sulfonamide hydrochloride (W-7, Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo, Japan), were dissolved in the medium and added to the sperm suspensions. Water-insoluble reagents, including papaverine (Sigma), 8-methoxymethyl-IBMX (Sigma), 3a, 16a-eburnamenine-14-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (vinpocetine, Sigma), 4-(3-[cyclopentyloxy]-4-methoxyphenyl)-2-pyrrolidinone (rolipram, Biomol Research Laboratories, Inc., Plymouth Meeting, PA, USA), 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)imidazolidin-2-one (Ro20-1724, Sigma), 1,4-dihydro-5-(2-propoxyphenyl)-7H-1,2,3-triazolo-(4,5-d)pyrimidine-7-one (zaprinast, Sigma), and Sp-5,6-dichloro-1-b-D-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate (cBiMPS, Biomol), were dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Nacalai Tesque) and added to the sperm suspensions. In each experiment using water-insoluble reagents, DMSO was added to equalize the final DMSO concentrations (2.5 % for 250 and 500 mM papaverine, or 0.25 % for the other water-insoluble reagents, including 25 and 50 mM papaverine).
2.3 Statistical analysis
Percentages of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or paired t-tests. When F-test results were significant in ANOVA, individual means were further tested by Tukey's multiple range tests [27].
3 Results
3.1 Induction of sperm agglutination by sodium bicarbonate and non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor
At first, we examined the effects of supplementation with sodium bicarbonate at different concentrations on agglutination in ejaculated boar spermatozoa incubated in mKRH without PDE inhibitors. The results are presented in Table 2. Series 1 of the experiments were conducted separately from the following experiments, while series 2 involved the accumulation of the data obtained from the control samples in the following experiments. Thus, some data in series 2 were obtained from spermatozoa that were incubated in mKRH containing DMSO (0.25 or 2.5 %, v/v), as described in Materials and me-thods. In both series of experiments, the percentages of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa greatly varied among experiments. However, supplementation with sodium bicarbonate (final concentrations: 5-20 mM) showed a constant tendency to enhance sperm agglutination in all experiments and significantly increased the average percentages of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa in a concentration-dependent manner. Next, we examined the effects of supplementation with sodium bicarbonate on agglutination in the spermatozoa incubated in mKRH containing PDE inhibitors. In the presence of non-selective PDE inhibitors, including IBMX and papaverine (25 and 50 mM), the percentages were increased more remarkably by supplementation with sodium bicarbonate (5-10 mM), as compared with the results obtained in the absence of the PDE inhibitors (Figure 1). Moreover, the addition of higher concentrations of IBMX or papaverine (250 or 500 mM) to the sperm samples gave rise to a significant increase in the percentages irrespective of the presence of sodium bicarbonate (Figure 1). These findings can be interpreted as showing that the non-selective PDE inhibitors (25 and 50 mM) support the effect of sodium bicarbonate on the induction of sperm agglutination, and that the supplementation alone with the inhibitors at the higher concentrations (250 or 500 mM) can overcome the reduction in sperm agglutination due to the lack of sodium bicarbonate.
Table 2. Effects of supplementation with sodium bicarbonate on head-to-head agglutination in ejaculated boar spermatozoa incubated in mKRH.
Experiments |
|
Concentrations
of sodium bicarbonate (mM) |
||||
0 |
1 |
5 |
10 |
20 |
||
Percentages
of head-to-head agglutinated sperm |
||||||
Series
1 (n=9) |
Means |
16c |
19c |
29bc |
38ab |
44a |
Standard
deviation |
10 |
9 |
12 |
12 |
12 |
|
Standard
error |
3 |
3 |
4 |
4 |
4 |
|
Ranges |
4-33 |
11-37 |
14-99 |
18-54 |
25-58 |
|
Series
2 (n=79) |
Means |
24b |
26b |
38a |
40a |
- |
Standard
deviation |
8 |
9 |
12 |
10 |
- |
|
Standard
error |
1 |
1 |
1 |
1 |
- |
|
Ranges |
9-54 |
10-50 |
16-64 |
18-63 |
- |
Ejaculated boar spermatozoa were washed and incubated in mKRH supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (0-20 mM) at 38.5 for 60 min. Series 1 of the experiments were conducted independently of the following experiments. Series 2 of the experiments were conducted as the control experiments of the following experiments. a-cValues within the same line with different superscripts are different significantly, P<0.05 (Tukey's multiple range tests).
Figure 1. Effects of non-selective inhibitors for PDE on head-to-head agglutination induced by sodium bicarbonate in ejaculated boar spermatozoa. Ejaculated boar spermatozoa were washed and incubated in a modified Krebs-Ringer HEPES lacking calcium chloride (mKRH) supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (0-10 mM) and non-selective inhibitors for PDEs [3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) or papaverine, 0-500 mM] at 38.5 for 60 min. Values are meansSEM. a, bValues within the categories of the same concentrations of sodium bicarbonate in the same panels with different letters are sig-nificantly different, P<0.05 (Tukey's multiple range tests).
The supplementation with sodium bicarbonate was also accompanied by slight changes in the pH and osmolarity of the media. In order to confirm whether these changes have some influence on sperm agglutination, ejaculated boar spermatozoa were washed and then incubated in mKRH containing 25 mM IBMX that was alkalized within the pH ranges between 7.4 and 8.0 (Figure 2A) or that was further supplemented with 2.5-10 mM sodium chloride (Figure 2B). Neither modifications of the medium resulted in a significant rise in the percentage of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa.
Figure 2. Effect of pH and sodium chloride concentration of the media on head-to-head agglutination in ejaculated boar spermatozoa. The basic medium was mKRH (pH 7.4, 94.6 mM sodium chloride, 0mM sodium bicarbonate) supplemented with 25 mM IBMX. aIn the panel A, pH of the medium was adjusted to 7.4 -8.0 with 1 NNaOH. bIn the panel B, the medium was supplemented with sodium chloride (2.5-10 mM). In the columns with asterisks (positive controls) of both panels, the basic media were supplemented with 5 mM sodium bicarbonate. The supplementation slightly raised the pH of media. Sperm samples were incubated at 38.5 for 60 min. Values are meansSEM. c,dValues within the same panels with different letters are significantly different, P<0.05 (Tukey's multiple range tests).
In order to disclose the incubation conditions under which bicarbonate will work, we examined the effects of incubation time and temperature on sperm agglutination induced by sodium bicarbonate in the presence of IBMX (25 mM). Figure 3A shows incubation time-related changes in the percentages of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa incubated with or without sodium bicarbonate (5 mM). In the control samples without sodium bicarbonate, the percentages gradually rose to 31% throughout the incubation period of 180 min. Supplementation with sodium bicarbonate (5 mM) accelerated and enhanced the rise during the incubation period between 5 and 30 min, after which only minor changes occurred. However, sodium bicarbonate (5 mM) was observed to have almost no enhancing effect in the sperm samples incubated at 25 (Figure 3B).
Figure 3. Effect of incubation time and temperature on head-to-head agglutination induced by sodium bicarbonate in ejaculated boar spermatozoa. The medium was mKRH supplemented with IBMX (25 mM) and 5 mM sodium bicarbonate (panel A: filled circles, panel B: filled columns). In the control experiments, the addition of sodium bicarbonate was omitted (panel A: open circles, panel B: open columns). Ejaculated boar spermatozoa were washed and incubated in the media at 38.5 for 5-180 min (panel A) or at 38.5 or 25 for 60 min (panel B). Values are meansSEM. In the panel A, values within the same lines with asterisks are significantly different from values obtained in the samples before incubation (time zero), P<0.05 (Tukey's multiple range tests). a,bIn the panel B, values with different letters are significantly different, P<0.05 (Tukey's multiple range tests).
In addition, light microscopic examination of the sperm preparations for the agglutination assay confirmed that most spermatozoa still possessed acrosomes after the incubation (data not shown), indicating that this sperm agglutination is not a result of the acrosome reaction.
3.2 Effects of selective PDE inhibitor on sperm agglutination induced by sodium bicarbonate
Previous reports [28-31] have revealed that PDEs 1 and 4 are apparently present in mammalian testicular germ cells and spermatozoa. PDE1 is characterized by calcium/calmodulin-dependent activity and dual substrate specificity for cAMP and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), while PDE4 specifically catalyzes the hydrolysis of cAMP to 5'-AMP. In the present study, in order to reveal whether these types of PDEs have functions of modulators of sperm agglutination, we examined the effects of selective inhibitors for PDEs 1 and 4 on sperm agglutination induced by sodium bicarbonate. As shown in Figure 4, supplementation with the inhibitors for PDE1 (8-methoxymethyl-IBMX and vinpocetine: 25 and 50 mM) markedly enhanced the percentages of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa in the samples incubated with sodium bicarbonate (1-10 mM). Moreover, similar results were obtained by supplementation with the inhibitors for PDE4 (Ro20-1724 and rolipram: 25 and 50 mM). In the additional experiments performed to confirm the specific effects of selective inhibitors on sperm agglutination, however, an inhibitor for PDE5 (zaprinast) did not enhance the percentages of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa as the inhibitors for the PDEs 1 and 4 did at the same concentrations (25 and 50 mM, data not shown).
Figure 4. Effects of selective inhibitors for PDEs1 and 4 on head-to-head agglutination induced by sodium bicarbonate in ejaculated boar spermatozoa. Ejaculated boar spermatozoa were washed and incubated in mKRH supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (0-10 mM) and selective inhibitors for PDE1 (8-methoxymethyl-IBMX or vinpocetine, 0-50 mM) or for PDE4 (Ro20-1724 or rolipram, 0-50 mM) at 38.5 for 60 min. Values are meansSEM. a,bValues within the categories of the same concentrations of sodium bicarbonate in the same panels with different letters are significantly different, P<0.05 (Tukey's multiple range tests).
As shown in Figure 4, the selective inhibitors for calcium/calmodulin-dependent PDE (PDE1) stimulated the sperm agglutination that was induced by the actions of sodium bicarbonate. In order to get further data supporting involvement of this enzyme, we examined the effects of a calmodulin antagonist (W-7, Figure 5) on head-to-head agglutination in spermatozoa incubated with 0-10 mM sodium bicarbonate and without PDE inhibitors. At 2 mM, W-7 significantly enhanced the percentage of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa in the samples incubated with sodium bicarbonate (1-10 mM), though no significant effect of the antagonist was observed in the samples incubated without sodium bicarbonate. Moreover, at 10 mM, W-7 highly induced sperm agglutination irrespective of the presence of sodium bicarbonate.
Figure 5. Effects of calmodulin antagonist on head-to-head agglutination induced by sodium bicarbonate in ejaculated boar spermatozoa. Ejaculated boar spermatozoa were washed and incubated in mKRH supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (0-10 mM) and N-(6-aminoheyxl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalene-sulfonamide hydrochloride (W-7, 0-10 mM) at 38.5 for 60 min. Values are meansSEM. a-cValues within the categories of the same concentrations of sodium bicarbonate with different letters are significantly different, P<0.05 (Tukey's multiple range tests).
3.3 Effects of cyclic nucleotide analogue and antagonist on sperm agglutination induced by sodium bicarbonate
As mentioned above, the selective inhibitors for cAMP-specific PDE4 were more effective than that for cGMP-specific PDE5 on the enhancement of sperm agglutination. Moreover, in our previous report [14], dbcAMP was shown to enhance bicarbonate-induced sperm agglutination, while dbcGMP had no effect. Thus, in order to confirm the specificity of effects of cAMP analogues, we examined the effects of several kinds of more potent cyclic nucleotide analogues on head-to-head agglutination in spermatozoa incubated with 0-10 mM sodium bicarbonate and without PDE inhibitors (Table 3). In series 1 of the experiments, two kinds of cAMP analogues (dbcAMP and cBiMPS) were examined; the latter is much more potent than the former in the term of resistance to the hydrolysis by the PDEs [32,33]. Both of these cAMP analogues significantly enhanced the percentages of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa in the samples incubated with sodium bicarbonate (5-10 mM). In the samples incubated without sodium bicarbonate, however, only more potent analogue (cBiMPS) produced a significant effect on the enhancement of sperm agglutination. In series 2 and 3 of the experiments, three kinds of cGMP analogues (dbcGMP, 8-Br-cGMP and 8-pCPT-cGMP; 8-Br-cGMP and 8-pCPT-cGMP are more potent than dbcGMP, as described in catalogue from Sigma-RBI [34]) were examined. None of these cGMP analogues were significantly effective in enhancing the percentages of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa irrespective of the presence of sodium bicarbonate.
Table 3. Effects of cyclic nucleotide analogues on head-to-head agglutination induced by sodium bicarbonate in ejaculated boar spermatozoa.
Experiments |
No.
of experiments |
Reagents |
Concentrations
of sodium bicarbonate (mM) |
|||
0 |
1 |
5 |
10 |
|||
Percentages
of head-to-head agglutinated sperm |
||||||
Series
1 |
5 |
None
(control) |
254B |
17B |
358B |
374B |
dbcAMPa
(1 mM) |
212B |
326B |
609AB |
686A |
||
cBiMPSb
(0.1 mM) |
764A |
784A |
774A |
745A |
||
Series
2 |
5 |
None
(control) |
203 |
223 |
424 |
364 |
dbcGMPc
(1 mM) |
192 |
243 |
334 |
376 |
||
8-Br-cGMPd
(0.1 mM) |
174 |
255 |
446 |
446 |
||
8-Br-cGMPd
(1 mM) |
246 |
274 |
486 |
425 |
||
Series
3 |
5 |
None
(control) |
223 |
273 |
466 |
435 |
8-pCPT-cGMPe
(0.1 mM) |
194 |
355 |
604 |
544 |
||
8-pCPT-cGMPe
(1 mM) |
231 |
487 |
616 |
566 |
Values are meansSEM.
Ejaculated boar spermatozoa were washed and incubated at 38.5
for 60 min in mKRH supplemented with sodium bicarbonate (0-10 mM) plus
with cyclic nucleotide analogues (0-1 mM).
aDibutyryl cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate
bSp-5,6-Dichloro-1-b-D-ribofuranosyl-benzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate
cDibutyryl cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate
d8-Bromo cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate
e8-(4-Chlorophenylthio) cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate
A,BValues within the same column in each experimental series
with different superscripts are different significantly, P<0.05
(Tukey's multiple range tests).
Rp-cAMPS is a cAMP antagonist that interferes with the cAMP-mediated signaling cascade [34]. In the present study, the addition of this antagonist (1 mM) significantly reduced the percentages of head-to-head agglutinated spermatozoa after the incubation with 5 mM sodium bicarbonate and 25 mM IBMX (control vs. 1 mM Rp-cAMPS, meanSEM: 47 %6 % vs. 27 %5 %, P< 0.05, paired t-tests, n=3). This strongly indicates that the promoting effects of bicarbonate are mediated by the cAMP-mediated signaling cascade.
4 Discussion
Bicarbonate is brought into the intracellular space of spermatozoa by anion transporters in the plasma membrane [35], including anion exchangers [36, 37] and sodium/bicarbonate cotransporters [16]. Bicarbonate then regulates intracellular pH. This anion also activates the sperm adenylyl cyclases, resulting in increased generation of the signaling second messenger [21]. The intracellular concentration of the second messenger (cAMP) is regulated by the balance between the activity of two kinds of enzymes: adenylyl cyclase and PDE [38]. The sperm adenylyl cyclase is characterized by a soluble form with a unique molecular structure, and is apparently distinct from the classical transmembrane form usually found in somatic cells. Regulation of the enzyme activity is also unique in the spermatozoa; the sperm adenylyl cyclase does not require G-protein for its activation, but is activated by direct interaction with bicarbonate [39, 40]. The generated cAMP is subsequently hydrolyzed to adenosine 5'-monophosphate by the catalysis of PDEs. In mammalian somatic cells, at least 11 families of PDEs of Class I have been already identified; e.g., some PDEs (PDE4, PDE7 and PDE8) are highly specific for cAMP, some (PDE5, PDE6 and PDE9) are highly specific for cGMP, and some (PDE1, PDE2, PDE3, PDE10 and PDE11) have dual specificity [41-43]. To our knowledge, two families of PDEs (PDE1 and PDE4) have been identified in testicular germ cells of rats [28, 31, 44] and mice [29, 30, 45]. These types of PDEs are also contained in mature spermatozoa of rats [31, 46] and bulls [47]. Interestingly, a calcium/calmodulin-dependent PDE (PDE1) of the testes and spermatozoa seems to have a higher affinity for cAMP than for cGMP [47, 48]. For other types of PDEs, Richter et al. [49] have detected mRNA transcripts of several PDE subtypes (PDE1A/B/C, PDE2, PDE3A/B, PDE4A/B/C, PDE5 and PDE8) in ejaculated human spermatozoa. Moreover, Soderling et al. [42] have reported a high expression of PDE10 in mouse testes. However, no data are available on boar spermatozoa. In boar spermatozoa, it is apparent that adenylyl cyclase is stimulated by the actions of bicarbonate [21]. Specifically, the generation of cAMP increases in boar spermatozoa incubated at 38 for 30 min in the medium containing bicarbonate, but this increase is nearly abolished by either a change in the incubation temperature to 25 or the omission of bicarbonate [15]. In our present study, a stimulator of adenylyl cyclase (bicarbonate) promoted the head-to-head agglutination of boar spermatozoa in a concentration-dependent manner (Table 2). This event was apparently enhanced by the addition of cAMP-specific PDE (PDE4) inhibitors (Figure 4) as well as of non-selective PDE inhibitors (Figure 1), but was only slightly affected by the coexisting effects of bicarbonate, including changes in the pH and osmolarity of the medium (Figure 2). Moreover, the effect of bicarbonate on sperm agglutination appeared within 30 min incubation period was dependent on the incubation temperature (Figure 3). These findings suggest that the bicarbonate-induced head-to-head agglutination is regulated via the activity of the adenylyl cyclase and PDE in boar spermatozoa. This suggestion is further supported by the results indicated in Table 3 and the text (Results): 1) only cAMP analogues promoted the sperm agglutination, 2) a PDE-resistant analogue (cBiMPS) was more effective for the promotion of sperm agglutination than was a PDE less resistant analogue (dbcAMP), and 3) cAMP antagonist (Rp-cAMPS) significantly reduced the sperm agglutination resulting from the actions of bicarbonate and IBMX.
Calmodulin has been known as a ubiquitous regulatory protein that mediates calcium signals in a variety of cell functions. For example, this calcium-binding protein modulates the activity of important enzymes including adenylyl cyclase, PDE, protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin) and calcium-dependent ATPase (calcium pump) [50]. Mammalian spermatozoa possess a large amount of this protein in the head and flagellum. Calmodulin plays important roles in the calcium-dependent control of sperm capacitation and hyperactivated motility during the process of the expression of fertilizing ability [51, 52]. Since calmodulin antagonists accelerate the process of capacitation in spermatozoa [52-55], calmodulin seems to participate in the down-regulation of the expression of fertilizing ability. Indeed, it has been observed that the concentration and binding affinity of this protein decrease in bull spermatozoa during the incubation in capacitation media containing calcium [56, 57]. In the present study, the effect of bicarbonate on sperm agglutination was apparently enhanced by the addition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent PDE (PDE1) inhibitors (Figure 4). Moreover, a calmodulin antagonist (W-7), which could potentially block the regulator of PDE1, stimulated the sperm agglutination (Figure 5). These results suggest that a PDE1-mediated signaling cascade is present in boar spermatozoa and is involved in the suppression of head-to-head agglutination.
In summary, our data demonstrate that the bicarbonate-induced agglutination in boar spermatozoa is controlled via a cAMP-mediated and temperature-dependent signaling cascade. This cascade is suppressed by the action of PDE (at least types 1 and 4). Our previous studies [13, 14] have shown that extracellular calcium and serum albumin also promote head-to-head agglutination in boar spermatozoa. Several lines of evidence have demonstrated that sperm capacitation is modulated by these regulatory factors, including bicarbonate, calcium, serum albumin and cAMP [58-60]. Moreover, the occurrence of head-to-head agglutination is positively correlated with spermatozoa classified as the B pattern by the chlortetracycline assay [14]. These findings are consistent with our suggestion that head-to-head agglutination is associated with capacitation.
Acknowledgements
We thank Hyogo Prefectural Agricultural Institute for cooperation in sample collection.
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Correspondence
to: Dr. Hiroshi Harayama,
Department of Life Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology,
Kobe University, 1 Rokko-dai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, JAPAN
Tel: +81-78-803 5805, Fax: +81-78-803 5807
E-mail: harayama@ans.kobe-u.ac.jp
Received 2002-02-08
Accepted 2002-04-18