Editor-in-Chief
Prof. Yi-Fei WANG,
Asian J Androl 2005; 7 (4): 381-388 |
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This web only provides the extract of this article. If you want to read the figures and tables, please reference the PDF full text on Blackwell Synergy. Thank you. - Original Article - Effects of icariin on erectile function and expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in castrated rats Wu-Jiang Liu, Zhong-Cheng Xin, Hua Xin, Yi-Ming Yuan, Long Tian, Ying-Lu Guo Andrology Center of Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100009, China Abstract Aim: To investigate the effect of icariin on erectile function and the expression of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms in castrated rats. Methods: Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into one sham-operated group (A) and three castrated groups (B, C and D). One week after surgery, rats were treated with normal saline (groups A and B) or oral icariin (1 mg/[kg·day] for group C and 5 mg/[kg·day] for group D) for 4 weeks. One week after treatment, the erectile function of the rats was assessed by measuring intracavernosal pressure (ICP) during electrostimulation of the cavernosal nerve. The serum testosterone (ST) levels, the percent of smooth muscle (PSM) in trabecular tissue, and the expression of mRNA and proteins of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and phosphodiesterase V (PDE5) in corpus cavernosum (CC) were also evaluated. Results: ICP, PSM, ST and the expression of nNOS, iNOS, eNOS and PDE5 were significantly decreased in group B compared with those in group A (P < 0.01). However, ICP, PSM and the expression of nNOS and iNOS were increased in groups C and D compared with those in group B (P < 0.05). Changes in ST and the expression of eNOS and PDE5 were not significant (P > 0.05) in groups C and D compared with those in group B. Conclusion: Oral treatment with icariin (> 98.6 % purity) for 4 weeks potentially improves erectile function. This effect is correlated with an increase in PSM and the expression of certain NOS in the CC of castrated rats. These results suggest that icariin may have a therapeutic effect on erectile dysfunction. (Asian J Androl 2005 Dec; 7: 381-388) Keywords: icariin; corpus cavernosm; intracavernosal pressure; nitric oxide synthase; erectile dysfunction Corresponence to: Dr Zhong-Cheng Xin, Andrology Center of
Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100009, China.
1 Introduction
Specific phosphodiesterase V (PDE5) inhibitors have been demonstrated to be safe and effective for erectile dysfunction (ED) management. These agents are commonly considered as the first line therapy for this disease. However, the clinical effect of a PDE5 inhibitor requires at least a minimal nitric oxide (NO) signal triggered by sexual stimulation. This, in turn, causes the induction of cGMP turnover. Hence, without sexual stimulation, the PDE5 inhibitor itself is unable to increase intracellular cGMP synthesis and induce erection [1, 2]. The pathological conditions of NO synthesis involve cavernosal nerve injury during radical prostatectomy or severe diabetic neuropathy [3, 4], which can lead to ED; treatment with PDE5 inhibitors has had limited success even under sexual stimulation. Therefore, direct enhancement of NO synthesis may be an effective approach for the treatment of ED [5, 6]. The nitric oxide synthase (NOS) family includes two "constitutive", Ca2+-dependent enzymes. They are originally discovered in neurons (nNOS) and endothelial cells (eNOS) and are also present in the corpus cavernosum (CC) [2]. The third, a Ca2+-independent enzyme, an "inducible" isoform (iNOS) was also found in human and rat penis [7]. Previous studies have demonstrated that the expressions and activities of NOS isoforms in the CC are well correlated with erectile function [5, 6]. Epimedii herba has been used as a tonic drug in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for centuries. This medicinal herb is belived to be a potent enhancer of erectile function. However, it is difficult to perform a prospective, placebo-controlled study to determine its safety and efficacy as well as to investigate its mechanism on ED because of multiple compounds in this herb. Icariin (C33H40O15, molecular weight: 676.67) has been determined to be the main active component of Epimedii herba[8]. In our previous study, we observed that icariin induced relaxation of the isolated CC of rabbits in a dose-dependent manner [8]. Such relaxation could be inhibited by NOS specific inhibitor, Nw-Nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA). We also observed that icariin increased intraca-vernosal pressure (ICP) significantly, which could be conversely inhibited by L-NNA, without any influence on the mean arterial pressure (MAP) in another model [9]. Icariin showed a stronger inhibitory effect on cGMP-specific PDE5 than on cAMP-specific PDE4. The inhibition of icariin on PDE5 (0.43 mol/L) was not significantly different from that of papaverine (0.68 mol/L). However, the selective activity of icariin on PDE5 (PDE4/PDE5 of IC50) was 36.93-fold higher than that of papaverine [10]. These results suggested that icariin could increase the activity of NOS and/or PDE5 and thus could ultimately lead to increased cGMP to enhance erectile function. However, the long-term effects of icariin on ED and its exact mechanism remain unknown. Our previous study with a 4-week oral administration of icariin-enriched fraction (51 % purity) on castrated rats showed that this preparation could improve erectile function and increase nNOS and iNOS expression in CC [11]. In the present study, we further purified icarrin and investigated its effect on ED by analyzing the serum testosterone (ST) level, cavernous tissue histology and the mRNA and protein expression of NOS isoforms in castrated rats. We selected castrated rats as our ED animal model because castration may decrease substantially the erectile responsesto various stimulations. This castration model has been widely used for the assessment of a variety of agents in ED treatment [11-13].
2 Materials and methods
2.1 Animals Thirty-two adult male Wistar rats weighing 250 g-300 g (Grade A, certificate No. scxk11-00-0006) were obtained from the Animal Breeding Center of Beijing Medical University (Beijing, China). The rats were randomly divided into four groups with eight rats each: one sham operated group (A) and three castrated groups (B, C and D). Underanesthesia, rats from groups B, C and D underwent bilateral orchiectomy through a 2-cm midline scrotal incision and both testes were removed. Rats in group A were sham operated. Seven days after the operation, rats from groups A and B were intragastricly administrated with normal saline per day for 4 weeks, whereas rats from groups C and D were similarly administered with icariin 1 mg/(kg·day) and 5 mg/(kg·day), respectively for 4 weeks.
2.2 Drugs and reagents Icariin was purified from the extract of Epimedii herba by high-speed counter-current chromatography with a two-phase solvent system composed of n-hexane-n-buta nol-methanol-distilled water (1:4:2:6, v/v) as described previously [7, 9]. The purity was higher than 98.6 %. Trizol (Gibco/BRL, Carisbad, USA) is used to extract RNA from the tissue. Reagents for the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, MO, USA). The PCR primers were synthesized by SBS (Beijing, China). Specific antibodies against nNOS, iNOS and eNOS were products of Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, CA, USA) and purchased from Zhongshan Biochemical Company (Beijing, China). The antibody against phosphodiesterase type 5A was a product of Fab Gennix (No. PD5A-101AP, Shre-veport, LA, USA). The testosterone ELISA assay kit was purchased from DRG. Inc. (Marbug, Germany).
2.3 ICP measurement After orally administered with icariin for 4 weeks, the rats were kept for 7 days for voiding to avoid the residual effect of icariin. The rats were then anesthetized with intramuscular sodium pentobarbital (50 mg/kg) and the operation was carried out according to Adachi et al. [17]. Briefly, the pelvic nerve and the main penile nerve (cavernous nerve) were surgically exposed and stimulated with a square pulse stimulator connected to a platinum bipolar electrode positioned on the erectile nerve. Two 25-gauge butterfly needles were inserted into the CC and carotid artery and the ICP and MAP were recorded with a pressure transducer integrated into a computerized data acquisition system (BioPac system, Goleta, CA, USA) that was calibrated with a manometer to express the response in millimeters of mercury. The unilateral electrical field stimulation of the cavernous nerve was undertaken for 60 s using a square wave stimulator ( 5 V at a frequency of 15 Hz with square wave duration of 1 ms and the stimulating intervals were 1 min with at least 15 min between stimulations). The effects of icariin on erectile function were evaluated by changes in the ratio of ICP to MAP and the area under the curve (AUC) of ICP.
2.4 Serum testosterone assay After the assessment of erectile function was com-pleted, a 2-mL blood sample was obtained from each rat and stored at 4 °C. Analysis was carried out according to the user¡¯s manual of testosterone ELISA assay kit.
2.5 Smooth muscle staining After assessing the erectile function and blood sampling, the entire penis including the penile shaft and caudal were excised. The skeletal muscles and the connective tissue were removed. Vertical sections of the middle part of the penile shaft were harvested for tissue histology study with paraffin sections and with Masson¡¯s trichrome staining. CC was isolated from the remaining parts of the penis and stored in a liquid nitrogen tank as samples for RT-PCR and Western blot. To evaluate percent of smooth muscle (PSM) changes, 12 areas were randomly selected from the same tissue section and observed by computerized photomi- crographs. The results were analyzed by the ratio of smooth muscle and collagen using Adobe Photoshop 7.0 software (Adobe, San Jose, CA, USA) and presented as the number of pixel counts of muscle or reddish brown areas divided by the pixel count of collagen or green areas. For statistical analysis, the mean of the calculations was used per animal. The hematoxylin and eosin staining was also performed to make the selected regions comparable.
2.6 RT-PCR Total RNA of the CC was isolated by means of TRIZOL. Three micrograms of total RNA were used for the amplification of nNOS, eNOS and iNOS by RT-PCR. b-actin was used as an internal control. The PCR primers were designed with computer software as follows: forward 5¡¯-CAACACAAAGGAATGAATCC-3¡¯, reverse 5¡¯-GCTGAAAACCTCATCTGC-3¡¯ for nNOS (NM-052799.1, gi|16258810, corresponding to 4487 bp-4005 bp); forward 5¡¯-GGAAATAGAAACAACA GGAACC-3¡¯, reverse 5¡¯-AGCGCATACCACTTCAGC-3¡¯ for iNOS (NM-012611.2, gi|31377499, corresponding to 689 bp-1222 bp); forward 5¡¯-CCTAACTTGCC TTGCATCC-3¡¯, reverse 5¡¯-GCTTTACCACTGAGCT AAATCC-3¡¯ for eNOS (XM-342615.1, gi|34853989, corresponding to 3010 bp-3769 bp); forward 5¡¯-CATG TTTGAGACCTTCAACACC-3¡¯, reverse 5¡¯- TAATGTC ACGCACGATTTCC-3¡¯ for b-actin (BC063166.1, gi|38648901, corresponding to 447 bp-718 bp). The amplification was initiated with incubation at 95 °C for 10 min, followed by 27 cycles consisting of 94 °C for 45 s, 58 °C for 50 s and 72 °C for 60 s, and ended with 72 °C for 10 min. PCR products were detected by electrophoresis on 1 % agarose/ErBr gel. Specificity of RT-PCR products was confirmed by sequencing. The density was measured at five points for each band. Data were presented as the mean density of the mRNA band in question relative to that of the b-actin band in the same sample.
2.7 Western blot Tissues of the CC were homogenized in ice-cold lyses buffer (25 mmol/L HEPES, pH 8.0, 5 mmol/L EDTA, 1 % sodium deoxycholate, 1 % Triton X-100, 0.1 % SDS, and protease inhibitors). Homogenated tissues (25 % w/v) were centrifuged at 10 000 × g for 20 min at 4 °C to remove tissue debris without precipitating plasma membrane fragments that contained eNOS. Protein concentration was determined by the Lowry method [14]. Twenty micrograms of total protein were used in SDS-PAGE. Anti-NOS (nNOS, iNOS and eNOS) serum and anti-PDE5 serum were diluted at 1:1000 in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) and used as primary antibodies. A 1:8000 dilution of horseradish peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-rat IgG fragment was used as a secondary antibody; a-actin was used as an internal control. Exposure of luminol-reacted membrane onto X-ray films was performed. The films were scanned with a BioRad GS-670 densitometer and the band intensity was semi-quantified with the UTHSCSA Image Tool for Windows (2.0) (Triad Scientific Inc., Swarthmore Ave, Lakewood, New Jersey, USA). The density was measured at five points for each band. Data were presented as the mean density of the protein band in question relative to that of the b-actin band in the same sample.
2.8 Statistic analysis The software SPSS version 11.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used for the statistical analysis including the Student-Neumann-Keul¡¯s test and the paired t-test. The values were presented as the mean ± SEM. P < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
3 Results
3.1 Effects of icariin on ICP and MAP The values of the peak ICP after cavernous nerve stimulation were showed in Figure1. No obvious changes were observed for MAP ([102.00 ± 3.22] mmHg). The increase of ICP in castrated rats (group B) was significantly lower than that in the sham-operation group (group A) (P < 0.05). Castrated rats treated with icariin (groups C and D) significantly increased the erectile response (ICP) to cavernous nerve stimulation compared with group B, as measured by ICP/MAP and total ICP values.
3.2 Effects of icariin on serum ST level The mean serum ST levels in groups A, B, C and D were (2.41 ± 0.91) pmol/mL, (0.38 ± 0.15) pmol/mL, (0.38 ± 0.10) pmol/mL and (0.38 ± 0.11) pmol/mL, respectively. The mean ST level was significantly lower in all castrated rats (groups B, C and D) regardless of icariin treatment (P < 0.05). No significant differences were seen in the icariin-treated rats (groups C and D) compared with untreated rats (group B) (P > 0.05).
3.3 Effects of icariin on PSM The mean PSM in the castrated rats (group B) was significantly decreased when compared with the sham-operated rats (P < 0.05); however, oral icariin treatment (groups C and D) showed an obvious increase in PSM compared with the untreated rats (group B) (P < 0.05) (Figure 2).
3.4 Effects of icariin on mRNA expression of NOS isoforms and PDE5 The RT-PCR results (Figure 3) showed that the mRNA of nNOS, iNOS, eNOS and PDE5 were significantly decreased in the castrated rats in group B compared with that in the sham-operated rats (group A) (P < 0.05). However, the nNOS and iNOS mRNA in groups C and D were significantly increased in both icariin-treated rats (P < 0.05, P < 0.01); however, no obvious changes in the expression of eNOS and PDE5 were observed (P > 0.05).
3.5 Effects of icariin on protein expression of NOS isoforms and PDE5 The Western blot results (Figure 4). The protein expression of nNOS, iNOS, eNOS and PDE5 was significantly decreased in castrated rats in group B compared with that in the sham-operated rats (group A) (P < 0.05). However, the nNOS and iNOS protein expression in groups C and D were significantly increased in both icariin-treated rats (P < 0.05, P < 0.01); however, no obvious changes in the expression of eNOS or PDE5 were observed (P > 0.05).
4 Discussion
In the present study, the castrated rats showed significantly reduced erectile function that was paralleled with the decreased peak and total ICP. These observations were consistent with the previous studies [12, 13, 15]. In our previous study, we showed that a 4-week oral administration of icariin-enriched fraction (51% purity; 1 mg/[kg·day] and 5 mg/[kg·day]) improved erectile function and increased nNOS and iNOS expression in CC of castrated rats [11]. In this study, we further demonstrated that 4-week oral treatment with pure icariin (> 98.6 %); 1 mg/(kg·day) and 5 mg/(kg·day) significantly increased the peak and total ICP (area under the erectile curve) in castrated rats compared with controls but without influence on ST levels. These results suggested that long-term oral treatment with icariin-enriched fraction and/or pure icariin might improve the erectile function of castrated rats. It has been known that the trabecular smooth muscle content is the key structure in normal erectile function and the degree of loss of corporeal smooth muscle content correlates with the extent of impairment in corporeal veno-occlusive function [16]. Since icarrin administration increases smooth muscle content in the CC, this medicinal herb active component may have an effect on reversing ED. Whether icariin could affect smooth muscle apoptosis and/or collagen synthesis remains to be studied. In the present study, icariin was found to increase the mRNA and protein expression of nNOS and iNOS in the CC of castrated rats, which was well correlated with the changes of PSM and ICP. In addition, the ST levels of the castrated rats (group B) were significantly decreased compared with those of the control rats (group A) and were not altered by icariin administration (groups C and D). These results suggested that the mechanisms of icariin on ED and NOS mRNA and protein expressions are not associated with testosterone synthesis. Whether icariin can directly affect the activity of NOS promoter and/or the related nuclear transcription factors in smooth muscle cells is currently under investigation. The levels of NOS proteins were known to be influenced by several signals via transcriptional or translational mechanisms and the changes in the expression of NOS isoforms after several chemical and physical stimulations have been reported [17]. For example, nNOS and eNOS levels in rat cavernosal tissue were observed to increase after repeated PGE1 treatment [18]. Similarly, changes in nNOS and eNOS protein content were observed following orchiectomy and androgen replacement [12, 13]. iNOS and eNOS content in rat cavernosal tissue can also be upregulated by single reagent VEGF [5]. In our previous study, chronic oral treatment with Icariin increases the erectile function (ICP) and restores the eNOS expression in corpus cavernosum of arteriogenic erectile dysfunction rats [9]. Studies noted that icariin could produce two metabolic products of icarinoside II and icaritin after oral administration [19]. Our own studies showed that oral icariin specifically inhibited PDE5 and upregulated NOS expression. These observed effects could be associated with the icariin metabolic products, however, this needs to be further investigated. In summary, the 4-week oral administration of icariin to castrated rats can promote erectile function, which is correlated with the increased PSM and the mRNA and protein expression of NOS but with no influence on ST levels. Although its mechanism remains to be explored, this study suggests that icariin may have long-term therapeutic effects on ED.
Acknowledgment
The authors would like to acknowledge the National Nature Science Foundation of China (No. 30070927) and Beijing National Nature Science Foundation (No. 7012023) for grants for this work. References 1 Lin CS, Xin ZC, Lin G, Lue TF. Phosphodiesterases as therapeutic targets. Urology 2003; 61: 685-91. 2 Bischoff E, Schramm M, Straub A, Feurer A, Stasch JP. BAY 41-2272: a stimulator of soluble guanylyl cyclase induces nitric oxide-dependent penile erection in vivo. Urology 2003; 61: 464-7. 3 Seftel AD, Vaziri ND, Ni Z, Razmjouei K, Fogarty J, Hampel N, et al. Advanced glycation end products in human penis: elevation in diabetic tissue, site of deposition, and possible effect through iNOS or eNOS. Urology 1997; 50: 1016-26. 4 Podlasek CA, Zelner DJ, Bervig TR, Gonzalez CM, McKenna KE, McVary KT. Characterization and localization of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in the BB/WOR diabetic rat. J Urol 2001; 166: 746-55. 5 Lin CS, Ho HC, Chen KC, Lin G, Nunes L, Lue TF. Intracavernosal injection of vascular endothelial growth factor induces nitric oxide synthase isoform. BJU Int 2002; 89: 955-60. 6 Bivalacqua TJ, Usta MF, Champion HC, Adams D, Namara DB, Abdel-Mageed AB, et al. Gene transfer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase partially restores nitric oxide synthesis and erectile function in streptozotocin diabetic rats. J Urol 2003; 169: 1911-7. 7 Hung A, Vernet D, Xie Y, Rajavashisth T, Rodriguez JA, Rajfer J, et al. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in smooth muscle cells from rat penile corpora cavernosa. J Androl 1995; 16: 469-81. 8 Xin ZC, Kim EK, Tian ZJ, Lin GT, Guo YL. Icariin on relaxation effect of corpus cavernosum smooth muscle. Chin Sci Bull 2001; 46: 1186-90. 9 Tian L, Xin ZC, Liu WJ, Yuan YM , Liu G, Chen L, et al. Effects of icariin on the erectile function and expression of nitrogen oxide synthase isoforms in corpus cavernosum of arteriogenic erectile dysfunction rat model. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi 2004; 84: 954-7. 10 Xin ZC, Kim EK, Lin CS, Liu WJ, Tian L, Yuan YM, et al. Effects of icariin on cGMP-specific PDE5 and cAMP-specific PDE4 activities. Asian J Androl 2003; 5: 15-8. 11 Liu WJ, Xin ZC, Fu J, Xin H, Yuan YM, Tian L, et al. Effect of icariin on the mRNA and protein expression of NOS isform in corpus cavernosum of castrated rats. Chin Pharmacol Bull 2003: 19: 645-9. 12 Palese MA, Crone JK, Burnett AL. A castrated mouse model of erectile dysfunction. J Androl 2003; 24: 699-703. 13 Traish AM, Park K, Dhir V, Kim NN, Moreland RB, Goldstein I. Effects of castration and androgen replacement on erectile function in a rabbit model. Endocrinology 1999; 140: 1861-8. 14 Waterborg JH, Matthews HR. The Lowry method for protein quantitation. Methods Mol Biol 1994; 32: 1-4. 15 Baba K, Yajima M, Carrier S, Morgan DM, Nunes L, Lue TF, et al. Delayed testosterone replacement restores nitric oxide synthase-containing nerve fibers and the erectile response in rat penis. BJU Int 2000; 85: 953-8. 16 Dai Q, Silverstein AD, Davies MG, Hagen PO, Donatucci CF, Annex BH. Systemic basic fibroblast growth factor induces favorable histological changes in the corpus cavernosum of hypercholesterolemic rabbits. J Urol 2003; 170: 664-8. 17 Nathan C, Xie Q. Regulation of biosynthesis of nitric oxide. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 13725-8. 18 Escrig A, Marin R, Mas M. Repeated PGE1 treatment enhances nitric oxide and erection responses to nerve stimulation in the rat penis by upregulating constitutive NOS isoforms. J Urol 1999; 162: 2205-10. 19 Qiu F, Chen YJ, Kano YH, Yao XS. Metabolism of orally administered icariin in rats. Acta Pharm Sin 1999; 34: 222-6. |
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