More effective treatment of prostate cancer relies on eliminating cells that survive androgen withdrawal therapy. The discovery that castrate-tolerant tumour cells pre-exist in localized prostate cancer, prior to androgen withdrawal or progression to castrate-resistant disease, supports the notion that neo-adjuvant therapies might be considered in the management of early stage prostate cancer. Advances in our ability to xenograft human prostate cancer provides a unique model system to study individual patient responses and test the preclinical efficacy of novel compounds for men with localized disease.

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