To evaluate the relationship between testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and arterial and/or venous thrombosis in patients with pre-treatment total testosterone (TT) <12 nmol l−1, we performed a meta-analysis following the Population Intervention Comparison Outcome model. Population: men with TT <12 nmol l−1 or clear mention of hypogonadism in the inclusion criteria of patients; intervention: TRT; comparison: placebo or no therapy; outcomes: arterial thrombotic events (stroke, myocardial infarction [MI], upper limbs, and lower limbs), VTE (deep vein thrombosis [DVT], portal vein thrombosis, splenic thrombosis, and pulmonary embolism), and mortality. A total of 2423 abstracts were assessed for eligibility. Twenty-four studies, including 14 randomized controlled trials (RCTs), were finally included, with a total of 4027 and 310 288 hypotestosteronemic male patients, from RCTs and from observational studies, respectively. Based on RCT-derived data, TRT did not influence the risk of arterial thrombosis (odds ratio [OR] = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.47–3.43, P = 0.64), stroke (OR = 1.34, 95% CI: 0.09–18.97, P = 0.83), MI (OR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.11–2.31, P = 0.39), VTE (OR = 1.42, 95% CI: 0.22–9.03, P = 0.71), pulmonary embolism (OR = 1.38, 95% CI: 0.27–7.04, P = 0.70), and mortality (OR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.20–2.38, P = 0.56). Meanwhile, when only observational studies are considered, a significant reduction in the risk of developing arterial thrombotic events, MI, venous thromboembolism, and mortality was observed. The risk for DVT remains uncertain, due to the paucity of RCT-based data. TRT in men with TT <12 nmol l−1 is safe from the risk of adverse cardiovascular events. Further studies specifically assessing the risk of DVT in men on TRT are needed.

Keywords: hypogonadism; testosterone; testosterone replacement therapy; thromboembolism; thrombosis; TRT

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