Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a highly prevalent disorder affecting an estimated 152 million men worldwide and is associated with a variety of behavioral risk factors, such as cigarette smoking and excessive alcohol consumption, as well as numerous age-related medical conditions, notably type-2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. A rational step-wise approach which includes comprehensive medical and sexual history, a focused physical examination and essential laboratory tests such as fasting glucose, lipid profile and testosterone assay is to be preferred. Current diagnostic work-up does not recommend any of the specialized tests which were previously considered mandatory-i.e. penile pharmacotesting, Duplex ultrasound and nocturnal penile tumescence. Hormonal replacement therapy is appropriate only in the hypogonadal male with ED. Prior to direct intervention, the physician should consider altering modifiable risk factors or causes, although frequently insufficient to reverse ED completely. When indicated, oral therapy with new molecules (phosphodiesterase inhibitors or apomorphine) is the first-line treatment for the majority of patients because of potential benefits and lack of invasiveness.

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