The introduction of designer oestrogens as a treatment modality in hormone replacement in women has invited to consider the concept of compounds with selective androgenic effects for male hormone replacement therapy. The full spectrum of the actions of testosterone may not be necessary of even undesired for certain indications for testosterone treatment. To define for what indications certain androgenic properties are desired and undesired more insight in basic androgen (patho)physiology is required. There is convincing evidence that aromatization of androgenic compounds to oestrogens might be an advantage for maintenance of bone mass and it might also mitigate negative effects of androgens on biochemical parameters of cardiovascular risks; the potentially negative effects of oestrogens on prostate pathology in ageing men needs further elucidation. While the role of dihydro-testosterone (DHT) for the male sexual differentiation and for pubertal sexual maturation is evident, its role in mature and ageing males seems less significant or may even be harmful. It is, however, of note that a negative effect of DHT on prostate pathophysiology is certainly not proven. For male contraception a progestational agent with strong androgenic properties might be an asset. For most of the androgenic actions the critical levels of androgens are not well established. The latter is relevant since the large amount of androgen molecules required for its biological actions(as compared to oestrogens)is an impediment in androgen replacement modalities. There may be room for more biopotent androgens since delivery of large amounts of androgen molecules to the circulation poses problems for treatment modalities.

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