10.4103/aja202539

Management of non-obstructive azoospermia: advances, challenges, and expert recommendations

Rambhatla, Amarnath1,2; Kavoussi, Parviz K1,3; Shah, Rupin1,4; Agarwal, Ashok1,5

1Global Andrology Forum, Moreland Hills, OH 44022, USA

2Vatikutti Urology Institute, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI 48075, USA

3Austin Fertility and Reproductive Medicine/Westlake IVF, Austin, TX 78746, USA

4Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre, Mumbai 400049, Maharashtra, India

5Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA

Correspondence: Dr. A Agarwal (agarwaa32099@outlook.com)

Originally published: April 25, 2025 Received: March 26, 2025 Accepted: April 3, 2025