10.4103/aja202663

From semen improvement to fertility benefit: interpreting machine learning after varicocele repair

Tong Wang1,2, Ran Tong3 Yue Li4 Zhixiang Huang5

1Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
2College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
3Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080-3021, USA
4Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA
5Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA

Correspondence: Dr. T Wang (wangtongnelly@gmail.com)

Received: 21 June 2026; Accepted: 25 August 2026; published online: 06 November 2026